Greco-Roman cult parties, known as Bacchanalia, are among the most infamous ancient gatherings recorded in history. During the third and second centuries B.C., Romans hosted these lavish, loud, multi-day festivities to honor Bacchus, the god of wine. The Bacchanalia often spiraled into chaos, with rumors of poisoning and murder circulating around the events.
Bacchanalia likely originated in Greece as a fertility ritual or a celebration of Dionysus, the Greek god of wine, before being adopted by the Romans around 650 B.C. Initially, these three-day festivals were exclusive to women, akin to an ancient “girls’ night out.” However, as the celebrations evolved, men were included, and Bacchanalia began occurring up to five times a year. History.com notes that these events eventually became open to all societal groups, featuring feasts, animal sacrifices, and even the occasional orgy.
The details of these secretive celebrations remain somewhat obscure, but the Roman historian Livy provides some insights in “The History of Rome.” Although Livy’s accounts may be exaggerated, they offer one of the few contemporary descriptions of these mysterious rituals.
As for the wine, many of the grape varietals enjoyed today, such as Syrah and Pinot Noir, have genetic links to those consumed during ancient Bacchanalia. In Roman society, wine was considered a basic necessity, as it helped purify water by killing bacteria. This importance of wine in daily life explains why such extravagant parties were held in Bacchus’s honor.
However, the uninhibited revelry eventually faced a crackdown. In 186 B.C., the Roman Senate voted to ban all Bacchanalia celebrations due to their reputation for excessive debauchery. Despite this, the festivities continued secretly in southern Italy for many years.