The European Union, through its annual enlargement report, expressed clear concerns to Turkey on a range of issues related to Hagia Sophia, the “Blue Homeland” doctrine, tensions in the Aegean, and the situation in Cyprus.
These tensions, which involve sensitive historical, cultural, and geopolitical issues, undermine Turkey’s relations with the EU and make the prospects for cooperation increasingly difficult.
One of the central issues of the report is the reference to the “Blue Homeland” (Mavi Vatan), which is now being promoted in Turkish school textbooks, raising EU concern about fostering a nationalistic and aggressive narrative. This doctrine claims large maritime areas in the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean, reinforcing Turkey’s aggressive policy in the region. This stance has become problematic for Greece and Cyprus, with the European Commission noting that these actions do not align with the principles of good neighborliness.
The conversion of Hagia Sophia from a museum to a mosque was another point of friction. This monument, listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site, is considered one of the most significant symbols of global cultural heritage and the peaceful coexistence of different cultures. The Turkish government’s decision to revert its use as a mosque sparked criticism from international organizations as well as within the EU. The report also mentions Turkey’s refusal to reopen the Halki Seminary, which could be a positive indication of respect for religious minorities.
The situation in Cyprus remains a significant issue, with Turkey insisting on a two-state solution, contrary to the UN Security Council resolutions that support a bi-zonal, bi-communal federation. The Cyprus issue is a fundamental problem for the EU, and Ankara’s recent actions increase concerns about the prospect of its resolution. The EU calls on Turkey to adopt a constructive attitude, recognizing the Republic of Cyprus and contributing to a sustainable solution under UN auspices.
Regarding Greek-Turkish relations, although there has been relative de-escalation over recent years, the extension of Greece’s territorial waters to 12 nautical miles in the Aegean remains a point of contention, with Turkey maintaining its position of casus belli in case of unilateral action by Greece. Additionally, Turkish violations of Greek airspace and territorial waters create tension and increase the sense of insecurity in the region.
Finally, the migration issue remains an open wound in EU-Turkey relations. The agreement for the readmission of migrants from Turkey to the Greek islands is not fully implemented by Turkey, worsening the situation on the islands and adding pressure to the EU’s reception mechanisms. Turkey insists that the implementation of the agreement should be linked to the lifting of visa requirements for its citizens wishing to travel in the Schengen area, while it has also suspended the return of irregular migrants due to the pandemic.
The European Union sends a message to Turkey to align with European principles and values, particularly regarding the rule of law, fundamental rights, and respect for international agreements. Turkey is called upon to take specific measures to improve its relations with the EU, especially on issues concerning stability in the Eastern Mediterranean and respect for the rights of minorities and religious communities.